In three decades of diplomatic relations, we have witnessed many bright moments that have shaped and strengthened our partnership

Huseyn Huseynov was appointed Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Bulgaria by Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on 19 April 2021. He presented his credentials to President Rumen Radev on 28th July 2021. And for the fourth year now Sofia is enjoying the attention/presence of a remarkable erudite, a sensible, responsive person and trustworthy partner.

Before coming to Bulgaria as Ambassador of his country, Dr. Huseyn Huseynov  served as Director of the Department for Analysis and Strategic Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2019-2021), building on his experience as Deputy Head of the same Department (2015-2018), First Secretary of the Foreign Policy Planning and Strategic Studies Department (2009-2011) and head of  the Foreign Policy Planning Division,  as well as several other positions in areas like regional security, crisis management and conflict settlement issues (2001-2005).

As a national representative, Dr. Huseyn Huseynov was Counselor (DCM) at the Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO, responsible for the political and security dimensions of bilateral partnerships between Azerbaijan and NATO (2012-2015) and in 2005-2008 he served at the Mission of Azerbaijan to the European Union.

His Excellency received his PhD in political science from the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan after graduating with distinctions from Baku Institute of Social Management and Political Science.

The focus of our interview with him is the extremely rapid development of bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria in recent years.

- Your Excellency, on June 5, 1992, diplomatic relations were established between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria. These relations are still going strong after almost 33 years. Which are the brightest moments in this long-lasting journey?

- Thank you for the question. Indeed, since the establishment of diplomatic relations on June 5, 1992, Azerbaijan and Bulgaria have enjoyed a relationship marked by friendship, mutual respect, and productive cooperation. Over these three decades, we have witnessed many bright moments that have shaped and strengthened our partnership.

One of the earliest milestones was the signing of the "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" in 1995, which laid the groundwork for our bilateral relations. This treaty reflected our mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and peaceful coexistence. Another significant highlight was the signing of the "Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Bulgaria" in 2015 during the official visit of President Ilham Aliyev to Sofia. This document elevated our relations to a new level, affirming our commitment to closer political dialogue, economic cooperation, and joint work in energy, transport, and culture. Most recently, in 2024, we have further deepened this strategic partnership with the signing of a new "Joint Declaration on Strengthening the Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Bulgaria", reaffirming our shared vision for the future. This latest document not only builds upon the solid foundations of our earlier agreements but also outlines new priorities in many areas such as digital economy, innovation, green energy, and connectivity.

The official and working visits of President Ilham Aliyev to Bulgaria and the visits of Bulgarian presidents and prime ministers to Azerbaijan have also provided momentum for our cooperation in various sectors.

In the economic sphere, our cooperation has been dynamic and results-oriented. The Azerbaijan-Bulgaria Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation aims to enhance and expand economic collaboration between the two countries. Another highlight in this direction is our strategic energy partnership. Azerbaijan is proud to contribute to Europe’s energy security through initiatives like the Southern Gas Corridor. The inauguration of the Greece-Bulgaria Interconnector (IGB) in 2022, which enables the delivery of Azerbaijani gas to Bulgaria, stands as a symbol of our cooperation not only bilaterally but also in the wider regional context. This project has brought our nations even closer as reliable partners in energy diversification. Furthermore, establishment of SOCAR’s representative office in Bulgaria and significant role in domestic gas supply is another achievement in this regard.

Cultural and humanitarian exchanges also represent bright moments in our relations. The opening of the Azerbaijani Cultural Center in Sofia, and numerous cultural events, exhibitions, and educational initiatives have strengthened the ties between our peoples. In addition, joint projects in the preservation of cultural heritage, such as Azerbaijan’s support for restoring historical monuments in Bulgaria, reflect the deep respect we have for each other’s history and traditions. A clear example of this is restoration of the Trapezitsa Architectural Museum Reserve in Veliko Tarnovo by Heydar Aliyev Foundation’s that stands as a symbol of Azerbaijan’s deep respect for Bulgaria’s rich cultural heritage.

Finally, our cooperation within international organizations has shown our shared values and mutual support on key global issues. Looking ahead, I am confident that the partnership between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria will continue to develop creating new opportunities for close collaboration in the years to come.

- Within the framework of the visit of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Mr. Ilham Aliyev to the Republic of Bulgaria on March 4, 2015, the two sides singed a "Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Bulgaria". On 8 May 2024, within the framework of the official visit of the President of the Republic of Bulgaria Rumen Radev to the Republic of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan and Bulgaria singed a "Joint Declaration on Strengthening the Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Bulgaria". How in particular these two documents contributed to the further development of the relations between the two countries?

- The Joint Declarations you mentioned are indeed two key documents that have played a crucial role in elevating and advancing the bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria.

The "Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Bulgaria" in 2015 marked a turning point in our relations. It provided a clear and comprehensive framework for deeper political dialogue, economic cooperation, and coordination in regional and international platforms. This declaration set out specific commitments in areas such as energy, trade, transport, agriculture, science and technology, and culture. Importantly, it affirmed the support of both countries for each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, creating a solid basis for trust and mutual respect. The declaration also gave impetus to high-level exchanges and regular political consultations, which have since become a tradition in our bilateral relations.

Building upon this solid foundation, the "Joint Declaration on Strengthening the Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Bulgaria" in 2024 reflected the evolving realities and aspirations of both nations. This document not only reaffirmed the principles of the 2015 declaration but also expanded the scope of cooperation to address new global and regional challenges. It emphasized collaboration in areas such as digital transformation, green energy, climate change mitigation, connectivity, innovation, and joint participation in large-scale infrastructure projects. The 2024 declaration also reinforced our joint commitment to the successful operation of key energy projects, which contribute to European energy security and diversification. Moreover, it highlighted the potential for new joint initiatives in transport and infrastructure that will strengthen East-West and North-South connectivity.

Together, these two declarations have transformed our bilateral relations from traditional friendship into a dynamic, future-oriented strategic alliance.  They have institutionalized mechanisms for regular dialogue, facilitated the implementation of large-scale projects, and opened new avenues for cooperation. I am confident that these documents will continue to guide us as we further expand and deepen our partnership for the benefit of both nations and for regional stability.

In summary, these declarations have transformed our partnership from friendly cooperation into a dynamic, strategic alliance that continues to grow and deliver tangible benefits for both nations.

- Nowadays, we talk a lot about economic cooperation – both in the energy and non-energy sectors like transport, Industry, agriculture, tourism... What is your opinion on the subject?

- The economic cooperation between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria is one of the strongest pillars of our bilateral relations, with energy sector being a key element and non-energy sectors on the rise. I am pleased to note that in recent years, our trade turnover has increased remarkably and last year accounted for 718.65 mln USD, reflecting growing mutual interest and expanding collaboration.

In the energy sector, Azerbaijan plays a significant role in Bulgaria’s energy security. Through the Southern Gas Corridor, Azerbaijan delivers natural gas directly to Europe, and the Greece-Bulgaria Interconnector (IGB), inaugurated in 2022, allows this Azerbaijani gas to reach Bulgaria, significantly diversifying its energy supply. Currently, Azerbaijan provides approximately 2 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas annually, meeting two-thirds of Bulgaria’s domestic consumption of about 3 bcm. This diversification strengthens Bulgaria’s energy independence and contributes to regional stability. The State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) maintains an active presence in Bulgaria, with a local office and partnerships with Bulgarian companies. SOCAR supplies natural gas to both industrial enterprises and social consumers, such as hospitals and schools, underscoring its importance to Bulgaria’s economy and society.

Renewable energy cooperation is also developing rapidly. Two key projects illustrate this progress: the Black Sea underwater electricity cable, which Bulgaria joined in 2024, and the green electricity transmission project connecting Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Bulgaria. These initiatives align with our shared commitment to sustainable energy and Europe’s green transition goals.

Beyond energy, Azerbaijan and Bulgaria have significant potential to diversify and strengthen economic ties across various non-energy sectors, aligned with their development strategies. Their complementary economies and strategic partnership open doors for expanded cooperation in agriculture, industry, transport and logistics, tourism, ICT, and pharmaceuticals. Agriculture stands out as a promising area, with Azerbaijan’s strong agricultural base complementing Bulgaria’s expertise in food processing and technologies. Both countries can benefit from exchanging know-how and products—Azerbaijan exporting fruits, vegetables, cotton, and processed foods, while Bulgaria supplies dairy, wines, and machinery. Opportunities also exist for joint ventures and expanding exports to third markets. Additionally, their strategic geographic locations support enhanced cooperation in transport and logistics, leveraging Azerbaijan’s Eurasian corridor and Bulgaria’s maritime infrastructure to boost intercontinental trade and regional connectivity.

The ICT sector also presents notable opportunities, with Bulgaria’s advanced IT outsourcing and software development complementing Azerbaijan’s digital transformation efforts and innovation hubs. Tourism is another area with growth potential, as both countries have rich cultural and natural attractions; initiatives like joint tourism packages and direct flights could enhance visitor flows and people-to-people ties. Moreover, Azerbaijan’s infrastructure modernization including in the liberated territories creates prospects for Bulgarian companies in construction and engineering. Other sectors like chemical and light industries also offer avenues for cooperation. Overall, strong political will, a favorable investment climate, and a solid strategic partnership lay a robust foundation for expanding non-energy economic relations with diverse, mutually beneficial opportunities

With ongoing political will, joint initiatives, and active private sector engagement, I am confident that our economic partnership will continue to grow and diversify, delivering tangible benefits for both nations.

- We are ahead of the summer tourist season at the Black Sea. Shall we have more Azerbaijani tourists at the Black Sea resorts? What is the tourist exchange between our countries at the moment?

- Thank you for this timely question. As we approach the summer season, I am confident that we will see a growing number of Azerbaijani tourists choosing Bulgaria’s Black Sea resorts as their preferred destination. Our two countries have enjoyed a steady increase in tourist exchange in recent years, and all indicators suggest that this positive trend will continue.

Several recent developments further encourage this trend. Bulgaria welcomed thousands of visitors from Azerbaijan, marking a significant increase compared to the previous year. This reflects not only the recovery of international travel following the pandemic but also the rising interest among Azerbaijani travelers in Bulgaria’s rich cultural heritage, natural landscapes, and of course, its beautiful Black Sea coast. The introduction of direct flights between Baku and Sofia in summer 2024 was a notable milestone in this direction that further facilitated travel, making it easier and more convenient for our citizens to visit each other’s countries.

On the other hand, we are pleased to note that more Bulgarian tourists are also discovering Azerbaijan a country that offers a unique blend of modernity and tradition, vibrant cities, and breathtaking nature. The mutual interest in tourism is a testament to the friendship and growing ties between our peoples.

Furthermore, Bulgaria’s full integration into the Schengen Area as of January 2025 will make travel procedures even smoother for Azerbaijani tourists. We are working closely with Bulgarian partners to promote tourism opportunities and create favorable conditions for travelers from both countries. I believe that tourism is one of the most promising areas of our bilateral cooperation, and I am optimistic that the summer season will bring even stronger people-to-people connections between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria.

- What would you advise the Bulgarian tourists to look for in Azerbaijan? And vice versa – the Azerbaijani tourist to visit in Bulgaria?

- This question touches upon one of the most rewarding aspects of our bilateral relations, the deepening of people-to-people contacts through tourism. I firmly believe that both Azerbaijan and Bulgaria have much to offer to visitors, and that travel between our countries contributes greatly to mutual understanding and friendship.

I would warmly encourage Bulgarian tourists to discover the many unique experiences that Azerbaijan offers. Our country is truly a land where East meets West, a place of remarkable cultural diversity, rich history, and breathtaking natural beauty at the crossroad of Europe and Asia. I recommend starting in Baku, our vibrant capital on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Visitors will be captivated by the contrast between modern architecture like the Heydar Aliyev Center and Flame Towers and our UNESCO-listed Old City, with its ancient walls, mosques, and caravanserais. Beyond Baku, I would highlight the Gobustan National Park, famous for its prehistoric rock carvings, as well as our beautiful regions such as Sheki, with its traditional craftsmanship and palace architecture, and Gabala, known for its mountains and forests. Azerbaijani cuisine is another treasure I would invite Bulgarian guests to taste our dolma, plov, kebabs, and sweets, and experience our hospitality, which is at the heart of our culture.

On the other hand, for Azerbaijani tourists visiting Bulgaria, there is also so much to explore and enjoy. Bulgaria is a country rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. I would recommend Azerbaijani visitors discover the charm of Sofia with its historical churches, monuments, and vibrant cultural life. Plovdiv, one of Europe’s oldest cities, with its Roman theatre and artistic quarters, is a must-see. Of course, Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast remains a favorite, with resorts like Varna, Burgas, and Nessebar offering both relaxation and history. I would also encourage visits to Bulgaria’s mountain resorts, such as Bansko and Pamporovo, as well as its famous monasteries and wine regions.

What makes tourism between our two countries so promising is that we both offer a rich blend of history, nature, and hospitality. I believe that as more people from Bulgaria and Azerbaijan visit each other’s countries, they will discover how much we have in common, as well as the many unique experiences that make every trip memorable.

- The future belongs to the young people. The Center for Azerbaijani Language and Culture at Sofia University is very active with us – and we know there are students who chose to study it. Is there a reverse interest - Bulgarian young people who study or chose to study in Azerbaijan?

- It is absolutely right to highlight the vital role of young people in shaping the future of relations between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria. Education and cultural exchange provide one of the most meaningful foundations for building long-term understanding and friendship between our nations. We are indeed very proud of the work being done by the Center for Azerbaijani Language and Culture at Sofia University, which is helping to raise awareness of Azerbaijan’s rich language, history, and traditions among Bulgarian students and the wider academic community.

I am pleased to note that this interest is mutual. In recent years, we see growing curiosity among Bulgarian young people about Azerbaijan and the opportunities our country offers in the field of higher education. Bulgarian students have opportunities to study in Azerbaijan, particularly at the Baku Slavic University, which has a strong focus on Bulgarian language and culture. Since 2004, the Center for Bulgarian Language and Culture has been operating at Baku Slavic University, where Bulgarian language, history and culture are taught. There's also a vibrant Bulgarian community in Azerbaijan, with many Bulgarians maintaining their language and cultural traditions.

There are Bulgarian students who have chosen to study in Azerbaijan, and also several Bulgarian youth have participated in academic exchange programs, international conferences, and summer schools hosted by Azerbaijani universities.

We view education as a strategic area of cooperation and remain committed to strengthening ties between our universities and research institutions. I believe that by supporting greater mobility of students and young professionals, we are investing in a future where Azerbaijani and Bulgarian societies are connected by deeper bonds of mutual respect, understanding, and collaboration.

- All Bulgarians know the fact that the Foundation for Historical and Cultural Heritage "Gaidar Aliyev", headed by the first lady on Azerbaijan Mrs. Mehriban Aliyeva, helped with the project for restoration, conservation and socialization of the Trapezitsa Architectural Museum and Reserve in Veliko Turnovo by granting 1,2 mln. euro. How will relations develop further in the field of culture and cultural exchange? Are there any new projects?

- The restoration and conservation of the Trapezitsa Architectural Museum and Reserve in Veliko Tarnovo, supported by the Heydar Aliyev Foundation under the leadership of the First Lady of Azerbaijan, First Vice-President Mrs. Mehriban Aliyeva, stands as a symbol of our deep respect for Bulgaria’s rich historical and cultural heritage. This project was not only an act of goodwill, but also a reflection of the sincere friendship between our peoples and the shared values that unite us. The contribution of 1.2 million euro for the preservation of such an important cultural monument was warmly welcomed by the Bulgarian public and has become a shining example of successful cultural cooperation between our countries.

The humanitarian and cultural ties between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria have always been marked by sincere dialogue and fruitful cooperation. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the literary works of prominent Azerbaijani and Bulgarian poets and writers have been translated into each other’s languages, creating a rich foundation for mutual cultural appreciation. Today, this legacy continues to evolve. The inclusion of the Azerbaijani model of multiculturalism into the academic curriculum of Sofia University is a notable development that reflects Bulgaria’s growing interest in Azerbaijan’s cultural philosophy of tolerance and diversity.

I am confident that the excellent cooperation between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria in the field of culture will continue to flourish. Both countries are proud of their ancient histories and rich cultural legacies, and this provides a solid foundation for expanding our collaboration. We believe that by investing in cultural exchange and heritage preservation, we are not only safeguarding the treasures of the past, but also building bridges of friendship for future generations.

- Which Bulgarian cities have sister city relations with Azerbaijani ones and what are the relations between them?

- Of course, sister city relationships are an important platform for fostering deeper mutual understanding, encouraging cultural exchange, and facilitating cooperation across a wide range of areas—from education and tourism to economic development and municipal governance. These partnerships are a reflection of the enduring friendship between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria, and they continue to grow both in number and significance.

A key milestone in our relations was the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding establishing sister-city ties between Shusha and Veliko Tarnovo during the official visit of President Ilham Aliyev to Bulgaria in 2022. This agreement further deepened our cultural partnership and opened new avenues for cooperation. Shusha, known as the cultural capital of Azerbaijan, and Veliko Tarnovo, a historic symbol of Bulgaria's spiritual heritage, are now engaged in efforts to implement this partnership through joint cultural initiatives. One such example is the planned establishment of a Shusha Park in Veliko Tarnovo, which will serve as a living symbol of Azerbaijani-Bulgarian friendship.

Beyond this important relationship, several other Azerbaijani and Bulgarian cities have also established sister-city ties. The cities of Sheki in Azerbaijan and Gabrovo in Bulgaria are linked through a memorandum of cooperation, with potential for collaboration in the fields of crafts, tourism, and cultural heritage—both cities being recognized for their rich traditions and artistic communities.Ganja, one of Azerbaijan’s oldest and most prominent cultural centers, has established sister-city relationships with Varna—the city known for their historical legacy and vibrant cultural scenes. These partnerships provide a valuable platform for municipal cooperation, student exchange, and collaborative cultural projects.

In addition, Nakhchivan, the capital of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan, also shares partnership relationship with Veliko Tarnovo. This further reflects the historical and cultural affinities between our two countries and opens new opportunities for cooperation in regional development, history education, and tourism promotion. Furthermore, Sumgayit and Burgas, both coastal cities with strategic economic importance, are linked through a memorandum aimed at strengthening collaboration in urban planning, ecology, and infrastructure development.

These sister-city agreements not only help preserve and promote cultural heritage but also encourage the practical exchange of knowledge and experiences between municipalities. They support direct contact between citizens, civil society organizations, artists, and youth, thus enhancing people-to-people ties - an essential pillar of bilateral cooperation.

We are confident that these relationships will continue to grow stronger and more active in the coming years, and we remain committed to supporting the expansion of this valuable network of friendship and partnership.

- You have been with us for four years now. What professional achievements do you cherish the most? What else would you like to achieve?

- It has been both an honour and a privilege to serve as the Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Bulgaria over the past four years. During this period, I have had the opportunity to witness and contribute to the dynamic development of Azerbaijani-Bulgarian relations in multiple spheres. Our cooperation has grown significantly, underpinned by shared values, mutual respect, and a strategic vision for the future.

One of the most meaningful professional achievements during my tenure has been the deepening of political dialogue at the highest level. The high-level official visits of H.E. Mr. Ilham Aliyev, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and H.E. Mr. Rumen Radev, President of the Republic of Bulgaria, on mutual basis were landmark moments that reaffirmed the strategic character of our partnership. These visits not only strengthened political ties but also paved the way for new cooperation in the fields of energy, economy, culture, education, and humanitarian affairs. Furthermore, the Joint Declaration on Strengthening the Strategic Partnership between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Bulgaria signed in 2024 reflected the evolving realities and aspirations of both nations and solidified our cooperation on a long-term strategic basis.

In recent years, the political dialogue between Azerbaijan and Bulgaria has deepened further through regular institutional mechanisms. Several rounds of political consultations and strategic dialogue have taken place between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of both countries, facilitating a thorough exchange of views on regional and international issues of mutual interest. These engagements have allowed us to continuously align our positions, explore new areas of cooperation, and reinforce mutual understanding. In parallel, the meeting of the Azerbaijan-Bulgaria Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation have contributed significantly to advancing our bilateral economic agenda, identifying concrete projects, and enhancing sectoral collaboration. Furthermore, a number of high-level visits have been conducted in both directions, which not only underscore the political will of our leadership to strengthen strategic ties, but also help translate shared goals into tangible outcomes across a broad spectrum of areas.

Another area of growing importance has been energy cooperation. Azerbaijan has become a key natural gas supplier to Bulgaria, playing a vital role in strengthening Bulgaria’s energy diversification and security. The opening of the official representative office of the State Oil Company of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOCAR) in Sofia marked an important institutional step in supporting this partnership. In parallel, our trade turnover has shown a consistent upward trajectory, reflecting the growing interest of both Azerbaijani and Bulgarian companies in expanding cooperation. Furthermore, new agreements were signed in the area of renewable energy, opening promising avenues for collaboration in green energy technologies and sustainable development.

Looking to the future, I believe there is still great potential to be realized in our relations. I remain committed to further expanding our cooperation in non-energy sectors, including agriculture, industry, transport, ICT, tourism, innovation. Promotion of people-to-people ties will continue to be a priority. Moreover, I hope to see even more robust collaboration in the field of renewable energy and digital transformation.

Photo: the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Republic of Bulgaria. Above: H. E. Mr. Huseyn Huseynov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Republic of Bulgaria